Computer Architecture refers to the design and organization of a computer’s core components and how they interact to perform tasks. It encompasses the structure, behavior, and functionality of the hardware and software systems. The main components of computer architecture include the CPU, memory units, input/output devices, and control units.
Components of Computer Architecture:
- Secondary Memory:
- Definition: Non-volatile storage used to permanently store data and programs not currently in use.
- Examples: Hard drives, SSDs, CDs, USB drives.
- Purpose: Stores data and software persistently, even when the computer is turned off.
- Main Memory (Primary Memory or RAM):
- Definition: Volatile memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks.
- Purpose: Provides fast access to data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing.
- Input Devices:
- Definition: Hardware components used to provide data and control signals to the computer.
- Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.
- Purpose: Allows users to interact with the computer by inputting data and commands.
- Register:
- Definition: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU that hold data and instructions temporarily during processing.
- Purpose: Provides quick access to data that the CPU needs immediately for processing.
- Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU):
- Definition: A critical component of the CPU responsible for performing arithmetic operations (like addition, subtraction) and logical operations (like comparisons).
- Purpose: Executes mathematical calculations and logical decisions within the CPU.
- Control Unit (CU):
- Definition: Part of the CPU that directs the operation of the processor by interpreting and executing instructions from memory.
- Purpose: Manages and coordinates the activities of all other components within the computer, ensuring instructions are executed in the correct sequence.
- Central Processing Unit (CPU):
- Definition: The primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing inside the computer.
- Components: Includes the ALU, CU, and registers.
- Purpose: Acts as the brain of the computer, executing instructions from programs to perform tasks.
- Output Devices:
- Definition: Hardware used to communicate the results of data processing to the outside world.
- Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers.
- Purpose: Converts processed data from the computer into a human-readable form or another machine-readable form.