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An atom is the smallest unit of matter that gives the identity of a chemical element. Atoms are the building blocks of all matter and consist of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Various Parts of an Atom

Following are the key components of an atom:

  1. Nucleus:
    • The central part of the atom.
    • Contains protons and neutrons.
    • It is very dense and contains nearly all of the atom’s mass.
  2. Proton (p+):
    • Positively charged particle.
    • Located in the nucleus.
    • The number of protons defines the element (e.g., hydrogen has 1 proton, helium has 2).
  3. Neutron (n0):
    • Neutral particle (no charge).
    • Also located in the nucleus.
    • Neutrons contribute to the atom’s mass and stability.
  4. Electron (e-):
    • Negatively charged particle.
    • Found in electron orbits (or electron clouds) around the nucleus.
    • Electrons are much smaller than protons or neutrons and move very quickly.
  5. Electron Orbit (Electron Cloud):
    • The region around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.
    • Electrons occupy different energy levels or shells (e.g., K, L, M shells).
    • The arrangement of electrons in these orbits determines the chemical properties of the atom.